Compare and Contrast the Spaniards' Attitudes toward the Native Essay

Applied Linguistics

Language can be seen as a social certainty, as a mental state (mental word reference), as a lot of structures (a syntactic framework: a framework to what arranges the words need to come in on the off chance that they are to bode well), or as an assortment of yields (expressions/sentences: spoken or composed). Language can be seen as a lot of decisions (various methods of saying a sentence), a lot of complexities (a reversal of sentences).Idiolect (I-language: language of the individual): the language arrangement of a person as communicated by the manner in which the individual talks or composes inside the general arrangement of a reticular language. From a more extensive perspective, someone†s idiolect incorporates their method of conveying; for instance, their selection of articulations and the manner in which they decipher the expressions seemed well and good, an idiolect may involve highlights, either in discourse or composing, which recognize one individual from others, for example, o voice quality ( the general impression that an audience gets of a speaker†s voice or attributes of a specific voice that empower the audience to recognize one voice from another, for example, when an individual can distinguish a phone guest) o pitch when we tune in to individuals talking, we can hear a few sounds or gatherings of sounds in their discourse to be moderately higher or lower than others) o discourse cadence (musicality in discourse is made by the contracting or unwinding of chest muscles).Many etymologists want to utilize the term IDIOLECT for the language of a person. So you don't communicate in English, you talk your idiolect. That appears to be basic enough until we solicit what English† comprises from. Apparently it comprises of the whole of all the idiolect of individuals who we concur are communicating in English. Do I-language: a way to deal with language which considers it to be an inner property of the unman mind and as not something out side or an endeavor to build sentence structures indicating the manner in which human brain structures language and which (all inclusive) standards are involved.E-language: a way to deal with language which depicts the general structures and examples. E-language= Langue (Assure) = Competence (Chomsky): the arrangement of a language, that is the course of action of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a common information (consent to utilize). Langue is the perfect type of a language. Parole (Assure): the genuine utilization of language by individuals in discourse or composing. Ability: a person†s disguised sentence structure of a language. This implies a person†s capacity to make and get sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.It likewise incorporates a person†s information on what are and what are not sentences of a specific language. For instance, a speaker of English would remember I need to return home as an English sentence ye t would not acknowledge a sentence, for example, I need returning home despite the fact that all the words in it are English words. Fitness regularly alludes to the perfect speaker/listener, that is a romanticized however a not genuine individual who might have a total information all in all language. Execution: a person†s genuine utilization of language.A distinction is made between a person†s information on the language (fitness) and how an individual uses this information in creating and getting sentences (execution). The contrast between semantic skill and etymological execution can be seen, for instance, in the creation of long and complex sentences. Individuals may have the skill to create an interminably long sentence yet when they really endeavor to utilize this information (=perform) there are numerous reasons why they limit the quantity of descriptive words, modifiers, and statements in any one sentence.They may come up short on breath, or their sterner may get exhausted or overlook what has been said if the sentence is excessively long. In utilizing language, individuals make blunders or bogus beginnings. These might be because of execution factors, for example, weariness, absence of consideration, fervor, anxiety. Their real utilization of language on a specific event may not mirror their capability. The mistakes they make are portrayed as instances of execution. Watchwords Language: the arrangement of human correspondence which comprises of the organized course of action of sounds or composed portrayal into bigger unit e. G. Orpheus, word, sentence, articulation. A social actuality, a sort of implicit agreement, or a lot of structure r as an assortment of yield. Idiolect: langue for explicit gathering of individuals or language for individual; just the speaker of this language can comprehend. Expression: a unit of examination in discourse which has been characterized in different way yet regularly as an arrangement of words inside a so litary individual's chance at talk that fall under a solitary sound shape. All inclusive punctuation: a prickly which professes to represent syntactic capability of each grown-up regardless of what language the person in question speaks.Langue: some portion of language which isn't finished in any individual, however exists just in the collectivity. Parole: language that is utilized independently. (I-language) E-language: is the â€Å"external† sign of the â€Å"internally' (intellectually) spoke to sentence structure of numerous person. It is fitting for social, political, numerical and coherent explanation. I-language: language saw as inward property of human psyche or a computational framework in human cerebrum. Answer Sq 1 . The creator says, â€Å"A language is a social truth, a sort of implicit understanding. † What does this mean?This implies that language is the mean of correspondence which a person as well as all individuals in the network acknowledge and comp rehend it as an opening. Individuals use language as an agreement for their day by day life, since language is a social certainty that individuals use to see one another and intentionally set up the confirmation of their will or guarantee. 2. What do you comprehend from the models that follow? A. Kim kissed crocodile. B. The crocodile kissed Kim. C. Kissed crocodile Kim the. Sentence An and B are reasonable; that is, we can say that they are language which is viewed as a lot of decision and a lot of contrast.A set of decision or differentiation implies that a gathering of word are deliberately all together that causes us to comprehend what the expectation of the sentence is. In any case, sentence C doesn't bode well by any stretch of the imagination, and it's anything but a language. 3. What is the contrast between â€Å"speak a grammar† and â€Å"speak a language†? Communicate in a language intends to communicate in a language that cause others to comprehend; that is, it alludes to when individuals in the general public communicate in language of the general public (E-language), which they use it as mean of communication.However, â€Å"speak grammar† alludes to when an individual talk their own language staying somewhere inside their psyche or mind, and can't be comprehended by others. This language isn't for society, however for individual as it were. 4. Guarantee (1969) make a relationship as saying When ensemble plays an orchestra, the ensemble exists remotely to the manner by which it is played out: that presence is practically identical to langue in language study. The real execution, which may contain quirks or blunders, is to be tantamount to parole. ‘ Use this relationship to clarify what E-language and I-language are.This implies that E-language is equivalent to langue, which alludes to the language that is remotely utilized in the general public and it is acknowledged as the language of the general public, which individual s use it as the mean of agreement and correspondence. Be that as it may, I-language s evened out to parole alluding to the language existing just in the individual, and as a rule it isn't comprehended by others and considered as the mistake of language for individuals in the general public. 5. Language is a lot of decision and a lot of differentiation, yet why cant we generally decide to sort out the word in articulations in our favored way?Even however language is a lot of decision and difference, we can't Just compose language as we need in light of the fact that our own association of language can become l-language which isn't comprehended by others. This is on the grounds that I-language is the language for individual just, and just the speaker can get it. Part 2: Components of Language Phonology is the depiction of the frameworks and examples of discourse sounds in a language. Phonology is worried about the theoretical or mental part of the sounds in language as opposed to with the genuine physical enunciation of discourse sounds.Phonology is worried about the theoretical arrangement of sounds in a language that permits us to recognize significance in the real physical sounds we hear and state. Phoneme is the littlest unit of sound in a language which can recognize two words or every last one of these significance recognizing sounds in a language. /p/, lb/are homes of English. O Phoneme has contrastive property. On the off chance that we substitute one sound for another in a word and there is a difference in significance, at that point the two sounds speak to various phonemes. O English is frequently considered to have 44 phonemes: 24 consonants and 20 vowels.Phone is the various adaptations of the phoneme consistently delivered in real discourse ( in the mouth). Allophone is a gathering of a few telephones, which are all renditions of one phoneme. For instance, the [t] sound in the word tar is ordinarily articulated with a more grounded puff of air (suct ioned) than is available in the [t] sound in the word star. Insignificant pair is when two words in a language which vary from one another by just a single unmistakable sound (one phoneme), happening similarly situated, and which likewise contrast in significance. For instance, fan-van, wager bat, site-side, put-shut are a few instances of insignificant pairs.The Sound Patterns of Language Minimal set is the point at which a gathering of words can be separated, every one from the others, by transforming one phoneme (consistently similarly situated in the word). For instance, wager set-vet-get-let and enormous pig-rig-fig-wig are instances of insignificant set. Phonetics' is the courses of action of the particular sound units (phonemes) in a language. For instance, in English, the consonant gatherings/SSP/and/star/can happen toward the start of a word, as in sprout, strai

What Is Inclusive Education And How Will This Shape Your Teaching

What Is Inclusive Education And How Will This Shape Your Teaching What Is Inclusive Education And How Will This Shape Your Teaching Practice â€" Assignment Example > IntroductionInclusive education refers to the procedure of addressing the different needs of all students by eliminating barriers within, and to the learning environment. It is type of education where students from diverse backgrounds are given educational services without any discrimination. Inclusive education entails creation of inclusive classrooms environments that constructively respond to poverty, class, disability, gender and education for an anti-racist and multicultural society. Inclusive education is about enabling learning institutions to serve all learners and this implies creating learning institutions which welcome all students, in spite of their difficulties, disadvantages, or characteristics. Inclusive education also means setting learning institutions in the wider framework of education schemes, where there is both non-formal and formal education. It draws upon all communal resources to make sure that the needs of diverse students can be effectively met. Exclusiv e education implies that some students are denied are simply denied educational rights as a result of being perceived as diverse in terms of race, sex, culture, ability socio-economic backgrounds or class. Inclusion and exclusion in educationInclusive education is viewed in terms of including the traditionally marginalized or excluded groups and providing all learners with societal membership and increased opportunities for social and economic development. Exclusive education is a form of education system that discriminates certain groups of students whereby learning institutions do not particular groups as a result of their gender, religious beliefs, race, ethnicity or socioeconomic status. Inclusion makes sure that each learner fells welcome and his or her unique learning styles and needs are valued and attended to. Inclusive education is mainly about restructuring school practices, policies and culture so that they are able to respond to diversity of learners. It views individu al diversities as an opportunity for enriching schooling and embracing change in the education systems (Thomas, 2004). Inclusive education addresses the learning requirements of all students, with a precise focus on students who are susceptible to exclusion and marginalization. It also focuses on students who are enrolled in education institutions, but are excluded from studying and those who aren’t enrolled, but they could take part if learning institutions were more flexible to accommodate these students and how comparatively small groups of students with impairments might need some extra support. The overall objective of inclusive education is a learning institution where all learners are taking part in education and are also treated equally without any exclusion regardless of their diverse backgrounds. It also gives attention to learners who do not fully participate and considers the types of education offered for all students. Emphasis is also placed on which students are of fered the opportunity to take part in learning, and those on are excluded and what this exclusion is based on. Inclusive education addresses and responds to the diversity of requirements of all students by increasing participation in cultures, learning and communities, and reducing exclusion from and within education. It entails modifications and changes in approaches, structures, contents, strategies and policies aimed at including all students in education system (Armstrong et al, 2000).

Becoming A High School Teacher - 1172 Words

For my career, I chose to pursue becoming a high school teacher. Upon researching this occupation and finding a lot of helpful information, this was the best fit for my personal goals, interests, and overall career options that I chose to research. High school teaching involves a lot of interaction and helping other people, mainly young people. As I am a child at heart and admittedly immature, becoming a high school teacher was a perfect fit. My values as a person involve helping and teaching is the best help a person can give. I will start by finishing my schooling at JCTC to acquire an associate in arts and then transferring to Western Kentucky University where I will finish by getting a degree in English. This should take close to 4†¦show more content†¦Student teaching usually lasts in between 14 to 16 weeks (a full semester) and you are paired with the same teacher throughout the experience. Giving a good amount of time to become acclimated with the idea of teaching in front of the classroom and giving the person a good amount of experience before teaching on their own or searching for a stable job. Before I will be able to even think about student teaching, I will have to get through JCTC and finish transferring to WKU. The requirements for transferring to WKU are as follows: minimum GPA of 2.0 unweighted, 24 credit hours, and be in good standing at the institution (JCTC) from which they are transferring. One of these fits one of my SMART goals in which I want to graduate with a 3.5 or higher. Which is achievable if I put my stubbornness (which can be a negative and a positive) to good use. Some personal traits of mine are usually like that: trade-offs. Traits can be either negative or positive depending on the situation I am in. One major flaw I have is discouragement. I tend to put myself down and make myself think that I won’t be good enough, even when someone else states I did well. This and teaching won’t necessary go together since you are responsible for your student’s achievements, or in this case, failures. If I had an administrator telling me I was doing something wrong while teaching I would beat myself down about it. I could get pass this flaw by lettingShow MoreRelatedBecoming A High School Teacher1227 Words   |  5 Pagesin high school, we must begin to consider the possibilities. After going through the Career Cruising process, I have settled on one potential career to explore. Based on my interests and skills, I would like to become a high school English teacher. A high school English teacher has many aspects to his job. Foremost among them is the actual teaching he must do. 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Some teachers believe that the way a classroom is setup reflects there student behavior so it is very important to create an encouraging learning environmentRead MoreBeing A Teacher Is Not Easy As A Lot Of Children And Teens1519 Words   |  7 PagesBeing a teacher is not easy as a lot of children and teens think. There are responsibilities that correspond with not only becoming a teacher, but also maintaining the job as a teacher. One responsibility for being a teacher includes preparing long-term lessons and grading papers for students. When you are a teacher, you can not teach a class without having your plans organized. Also, when the students are assessed, there will need t o be someone who will need to critique what the students  ¨glow ¨

Review Of The Movie Contemporary Japanese Cinema

In contemporary Japanese cinema, a common theme that is portrayed is that of the failing family. Films with this theme show families that do not fit the ideal family image and are instead riddled with issues and problems that conflict that prevent the families from being whole and can lead to the separation and breakage of them. One film that has aspects of the failing family theme is Ringu (1998) directed by Hideo Nakata; a film about a tape that curses and kills the viewer in seven days after watching which prompts the lead character, Reiko Asakawa, to stop the curse. The failing family theme is expressed through two different families, Reiko’s family and Sadako’s family, which both show, in different ways, the failings of their respective families and what those themes convey in their depiction. These families show together how the failings and problems they have impact the family members in negative ways. Reiko’s family is one example of the failing family theme in Ringu. Reiko is a single mother, divorced from her ex-husband Ryuji, who lives with her son Yoichi on their own. She is independent, and able to financially provide for the both of them as a journalist. This separates her from the traditional domestic Japanese woman ideal as she lives independently from any patriarchal figure (Wee, p. 157). However, the film implies that Reiko is not home as often as she should as she mentions to Ryuji that Yoichi is fine on his own because he is used to it (Nakata, 1998).Show MoreRelatedFms 100 Midterm Review Essay1848 Words   |  8 PagesFMS 100 Midterm Review You should be familiar with the plots of all the films we watched in class. You should also be familiar with the main ideas from The Cutting Edge documentary. Moreover, anything discussed in class in the lectures could be on exam. You will have to answer 50 multiple choice items. 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The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637  © 1974 by Oxford University Press, Inc. All rights reserved. English translation. Originally published 1974 Note on Translation  © 1991 by the University of Chicago University of Chicago Press edition 1991 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 07 6Read MorePeople recognize a difference between children and adults. What events (experiences or ceremonies) make a person an adult? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your answer.7516 Words   |  31 Pagesdeafened the gallery. The work succeeded in shocking the public but Orian was out of a job. Orlan was getting more and more attention, but art lovers were unprepared for what came next. Her next major work - a video - was shown at the Lyons Centre of Contemporary Art. An ambulance had rushed the video to the Centre from the hospital where Orlan had just had an emergency operation. She had installed a video camera in the operating theatre, and the film became the first of her surgical performances.By theRead MoreDesigner Case Study Design and Technology Essay6997 Words   |  28 Pageswas designed for the refurbishment of Domenech I Montaners 1903 previously mentioned â€Å"Palau de le Mà ºsica Catalana† in Barcelona. It is described as an auditorium chair and much study has been applied to the acoustical problems â€Å"a good chair for a cinema is a bad chair for a conference hall† This was the final solution, designed for auditoriums. It was first used when renovating the Palau de la Mà ºsica Catalana, in Barcelona. However this design was so successful, that if a designer saw it, wouldRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesand working as a teaching assistant Writing Your Statement of Purpose I. Audience and Institutions Several readers within a specific academic discipline or an even more specifically defined research group will read your statement of purpose and review other parts of your application package. Tailor your material to this audience. Knowing your audience and familiarizing yourself with each graduate program will help you write a more effective statement of purpose. Consider the following comments

Biff Loman’s Role in Death of a Salesman Free Essays

Biff Loman may not be the â€Å"Salesman† in Arthur Miller’s masterpiece, The Death of a Salesman, but he is the main character of the play. The character known as Biff Loman is at the root of his immediate family’s internal dilemmas and inner conflicts. Biff’s essence is what motivates the men in his family to choose the path that they take in life. We will write a custom essay sample on Biff Loman’s Role in Death of a Salesman or any similar topic only for you Order Now For this reason, even when Biff is not present in a particular scene, he is still omnipresent because of his invisible pull on the actions and feelings of his family members whom he had impacted throughout the years. The play finds Biff Loman at age 34, while his younger brother Happy is 32. Growing up, Happy was influenced greatly by his older brother. This is common in most young boys, especially when they are this close in age. Happy was eyewitness to the arrogant and womanizing behaviors of his elder brother, Biff during their youth. Happy saw the way Biff behaved during high school and witnessed the positive feedback that he received from both his peers and his father as a result of his behavior, which was less than exemplary. Happy saw Biff skate through his teenage years living in this manner. Biff got the attention from their father that Happy had yearned for. The stage was set for Happy to attempt to emulate Biff’s womanizing, unscrupulous actions during his own life. Happy became a womanizer on a level which even exceeded Biff’s promiscuous behavior during his youth. Happy often found himself sleeping with his boss’s wives, girlfriends and fiances. He couldn’t even understand why he did it. It was simply an instinct which was engrained in him after spending his impressionable years so close to Biff, even sharing a bedroom with him during this time. Willy Loman, himself, was obsessed with his eldest son. During Biff’s prime of life, Willy found happiness by living vicariously though his son. Poor Happy was hardly noticed by his father who was so wrapped up in Biff. Willy believed that he would find all his dreams that were never realized finally seen through by Biff. He thought Biff would succeed in college and find the successful career that Willy himself was never fortunate enough to have. All of Willy’s hopes and dreams were wrapped up in this one boy and when Biff failed to live up to them, Willy felt that failure just as deeply as he felt the let-down of his own unfulfilled life. To make matters worse, even though Willy did not admit it, he knew that he, himself was to blame for Biff’s downfall. Willy never pushed Biff to do the right thing in life. He chuckled when Biff stole from his football coach and was proud of his son when Biff made his friends clean the family’s basement. Biff said to his father, â€Å"I think I’ll have them sweep out the furnace room† to which Willy replied, â€Å"Good work, Biff. (Miller 1192) Willy’s wife, Linda, had warned him about Biff being rough with the girls and this, too, was shrugged off . Linda said, â€Å"He’s too rough with the girls, Willy. All the mothers are afraid of him. † Willy replied, â€Å"Shut up†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦There’s nothing the matter with him! †¦ . He’s got spirit, personality†¦. † (Miller 1195) Willy felt that Biff already possessed all the qualities needed in order to be successful in life, so there was no need to offer guidance to his son or punish his missteps along the way. This was a parenting strategy that Willy would later live to regret. The paramount of Willy’s guilt was the fact that Biff caught him in a hotel room with a woman with whom he was having an affair. Willy made up ridiculous excuses to cover the fact that this woman was in his hotel room naked. He tells his son, â€Å"Biff, she’s a buyer. They’re painting her room†¦. She lives down the hall – they’re painting. † (Miller 1240) Biff saw through to the truth of the matter, though. He yells at his father, saying â€Å"Don’t touch me, you – liar! (Miller 1241) Biff was so crushed by the realization that his father was not the family man whom he had idolized that he did not even bother to make up the math course that he had to complete that Summer in order to graduate. This one small action threw away his chances at attending college. The immense guilt that Willy felt as a result of his son discovering his infidelity is at the cor e of play’s plot. This guilt and attempted absolution is what ultimately leads to the death of Willy Loman. Willy is attempting suicide in order to finally make things right with Biff. He wants his first born son to collect twenty thousand dollars from a life insurance policy. Willy, who has his own identity so wrapped up in Biff, feels that Biff will become successful with this money and therefore Willy’s legacy will be one of achievement and success in life. Willy is so convinced of this idea being a reality, that he is willing to throw his earthly life away for a chance at an afterlife view of his own dreams being carried through his son, Biff. This makes Biff the lead character in the play. Bibliography; Only the actual play is refererenced in this report. How to cite Biff Loman’s Role in Death of a Salesman, Papers

International Business Strategy Case

Introduction The Australian’s fair work act, 2009 began operating on July 2009. It provides a fair framework for any workplace relations that promote national economic prosperity and social Inclusion for all Australians. In addition, it provides fair workplace laws that are flexible and favorable for the country’s economic growth, productivity, and for business operations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Strategy Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This act ensures that net pay and wages are up to the national employment standards for the sake of employees. It also enhances flexibility, thus assisting employees to balance their work and family responsibility. According to the Australia’s Employment Act (2009), an employer should never contradict the national employment standards. The main issue that concerns the Fair Work Act, 2009 is that, it provides fair wages and conducive employment conditions, termination of employment, dispute resolution, enterprise bargaining, and industrial action. The act also requires an employer to abide by the terms and conditions of employment. For instance, an employer cannot force a fulltime employee to work for more than 38 hours in a week unless there is a reasonable reason for the extra hours. Therefore, an employee is obliged to refuse to work for extra unreasonable hours by exercising his/ her rights (National employment standards 2009). â€Å"With the introduction of the Fair Work Act (2009) the pendulum of workplace regulation in Australia has swung back towards the centre. Discuss with reference to the implications for bargaining over terms and conditions of employment.† According to Holley et al (2008 pp 243), collective bargaining is an activity that involves the union representatives and the employer and management officials, in an attempt to solve conflicting issues that affect employees, thus sustaining and boosting the work relationship. When collective bargaining is successful, it boosts relationship between the employers and employees, thus both parties begin to trust each other through transparency and honesty; indeed, the possibility of damage is reduced. According to Caisey (2007, pp 36), there are four types of collective agreements; a single –employer collective agreement, single union collective agreement, a multi-employer agreement and a multi- union and multi-employer collective agreement.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Collective bargaining includes discussing pressing issues such as Bargaining assistance to the low paid employees – it may involve issues such as employees designated to childcare, security, and community services; Abolishment of tough rules of industrial action where it may harm the country’s economy or even interfering with the economy of an organization. Industrial action may also be disregarded if it risks the welfare of the citizens. Right to entry, which union members are required to adhere to and members cannot disclose any information discussed. Protection from unfair dismissal of employees, which is an important issue that fights for the employees rights, hence dismissals are only accepted if there is a genuine reason, such as redundancy. Balances between work and family is encouraged in the Fair Act such that working hours should be flexible enough to allow employees to attain time to attend to family responsibilities. The right to be presented in the work place, which involves a decision by an employee to be involved in a union or not; employees can also decide on whether to engage in bargaining agreement or choose not to. Collective bargaining acts as a regulator in which employers and employees can freely express their views concerning the nature of work at hand and come t o an agreement (Fair work Australia 2009). Negotiations are involved in the good faith bargaining, whereby an employer agrees to bargain with the employees on pressing work issues; this is the notification time. However, according to the Act, the employer should notify the employees of the right of representation in 14 days after the notification time. Good Faith bargaining involves the bargaining representatives, who must meet a number of requirements. First, they should always attend meetings at the right time; they should not disclose any confidential information at all; and they should be in a position to respond to the proposals that are made by other bargaining representatives. In addition, the representatives should refrain from any behavior that undermines the collective bargaining principles. Finally, they should all come to an agreement on issues concerned. Therefore, the Fair Act (2009) has provided a fair ground for both employers and employees to negotiate in terms of t he nature of work. This meets with the objectives of the Act, which focuses on fairness in the place of work. The freedom of unions that represent employees is encouraged in this Act; therefore, employees are able to air their grievances, making the place of work a conducive environment. In Chapter 2 of the Fair Work Act ( Collective Bargaining, 2009), there are two types of terms and conditions of employment that include the national employment standards (NES) – a modern award national minimum wage order, and an equal remuneration order. Therefore, for a modern award to be applicable to an employer or an employee, the award must cover the employee or the employer. It has to be also operational and it cannot be applicable when one has a high source of income. A court order can also lead to a modern award being applicable to an individual. A modern award must include the national employment standards in that it is not an exemption. Its terms must supplement the national employ ment standards and should operate according to the NES terms and conditions. For instance, the modern award agreement on annual leave of employees is 6 weeks with full pay. Thus, applying the NES, which states that the minimum number of leave is 4 weeks, most organizations in Australia have put this strategy of leave with full pay in practice. An enterprise agreement applies to an employee in relation to a specific employment; however, an agreement may cease to apply to an employee if the period of agreement expires.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Strategy Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More National employment standards are those standards that are as a requirement in the workplace and involve both the employer and the employee (An Act relating to workplace relations and for the related purposes, 2009, pp 78). The minimum working standards include maximum weekly hours, flexible working arrangements, parental, long service, careers, and annual leaves. Notice of termination and redundancy pay are also inclusive. According to the act, the maximum working hours for any full time employee is 38 hours in a week; but the employee has the right to refuse to work for any unreasonable additional hours. However, there is a determination on how reasonable or unreasonable the additional hours could be. First, they should not be a risk to employee’s health after working. According to Burke and Cooper (2008, pp 119), the intense of work that could lead to extra working hours and employee extra effort could result to health deterioration, thus interfering with the employee’s wellbeing. In addition, they should not compromise employee’s family responsibilities like parental responsibilities. The additional hours should rhyme with the needs of the employee’s organization. Moreover, an employee should be entitled to an overtime payment for the additional hours worked. A notice should however be given earlier by the employer to request for the additional hours, while the employee should also give an earlier notice, if he intends to refuse the work. The additional hours should rhyme with the employee work pattern, and they should be influenced by the nature of employee’s role in the organization. Finally, the addition hours should be in accordance with an agreement between the employer and the employee (An Act relating to workplace relations and for the related purposes, 2009, pp 79). This Act gives the right to an employee to request for flexible working hours. This can be applicable to an employee who have a parental responsibility for a child in school or who is under the age of 18 years and for the case of a disabled child. However, an employee can only ask for flexible working arrangement if he or she has worked for a minimum of 1 year in that organization; the request has to be in writing for formality purposes. The empl oyer has to respond to the request in 21 days either granting the request or disregarding it. In case of the latter, the employer must give a reason for his decision, incase he denies the employee his request.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For parental leaves, an employee is not entitled to this type of leave if he has not worked for at least a year in the organization. There are two types of parental leaves – birth-related leave, which includes unpaid maternity leave and unpaid parental leave for casual workers. The second is the adoption related leave, which includes unpaid parental leave, which is preparation for the adoption of a child, and pre-paid adoption leave; the adopted child must however be under the age of 18 years old for permission to be granted. However, birth-related leaves start from 6 weeks before the due date of birth. However, a 10-week earlier notice should be given to the employer before the leave commences, as evidence on the actual date of birth is required by the employer. In addition, incase an employee wants to extend his leave, he should write to the employer 4 weeks before the end of his or her leave. This gives time for the employer to respond to the request within 21 days. Howeve r, no extension of leave can be granted beyond 24 months in cases of birth and placement leaves (An Act relating to workplace relations and for the related purposes, 2009, pp 94) The Fair Work Act guarantees an employee the right of transfer to safer job in cases of pregnancy, and if she has served the organization for at least a year, evidence that supports the transfer must be produced. This enables an employee to choose the type of work that does not cause any negative effects on his/her health. The comfort of every worker at their place of work is a concern to the government. In this case, the annual leave is compulsory to every working organization, and is associated with full pay. However, public holidays are not inclusive to an employee’s annual leave pay. Identify rights and obligations, understanding the development of various rights and obligations, understanding the interplay between various spheres of regulations. According to Department of foreign affairs trade (2008), â€Å"Australia’s modern, competitive economy is underpinned by flexible workplace relations system which link productivity to remuneration and promotes innovation and efficiency gains in individual work places.† With the presence of collective bargaining, employees and employers can be able to negotiate and agree on the nature of work at the place of work. Importantly, the collective bargaining leads a firm to a competitive advantage since the workers are motivated and they work to meet the company’s goals and objectives. Every employee in Australia has a right to 38 working hours on weekly basis, with only reasonable additional hours. This is in addition to the right to 52 days of unpaid parental leave in form of maternity, paternity or adoption leave, four weeks of annual leave with full pay. Career leave with pay is also inclusive. Freedom of association is also encouraged in the work place, hence the presence of unions. The Fair Work Act fights agai nst unfair dismissals at the place of work. According to Lewis and Sargeant (2004 pp 152), in cases where an employer does not give reliable reason for dismissing an employee, then this type of dismissal is regarded as unfair. An employee can only be dismissed if he is dismissed on genuine terms, if only they were performing a specific task for a specific period of time and if one was employed by a small business. However, the government of Australia established new workplace relation systems that commenced in 2010. They include; collective bargaining power, minimum employment standards, the right to freedom of association, curbing discrimination, and procedures involved in dispute and grievance settlement, as well as laws that protect employee from unfair dismissal. When employers adopt these systems for their organizations, then the working environment will be conducive for employees, thus leading to maximum productivity that will enhance the competitive advantage of the company. Employment standards in Australia are necessary for an organization, since they are essential to the employees and employers as well. If an organization meets the national employment standards required of them, then they are abiding to the rules and laws of the Fair Work Act. National employment standards ensure that an employee is comfortable at his place of work such that, the employer is able to coordinate the staff. When these standards are put in place, employees and employers are able to understand what is expected of them at the place of work such that, an employee cannot decide not to go to work without any reliable reason and he has to request for permission in writing to the manager in advance. The manager should give a response, which could be positive or negative. If permission is denied, then the manager should indicate a relevant reason for his decision. Such a procedure allows an organization to run effectively, thus employees and employers know their limits at the pl ace of work. It is clear that each employee in Australia has a right in the place of work and there are governmental organizations present like Fair Work Ombudsman, which tackles any work related complaints whereby, it investigates such issues in compliance with the country’s work place laws (Fair Work Ombudsman, 2010). Finally, the Fair Work Act enhances fairness and justice at the place of work for both employees and employers. In addition, it improves employee-employer relationship since all the procedures and issues in this act involving communication are encouraged. Conclusion According to Fowkes (2011, pp 12), the unemployment rate in Australia is caused by skill shortage; hence, this is an issue that needs to be addressed by the government. The Fair Work Act, 2009 provides a framework for employment terms and conditions, and issues that surround employment department. In this case, the Australian government has put in place rules and regulations that employees and empl oyers should abide to in the place of work. In addition, disregarding of unfair dismissal and encouraging collective bargaining and agreements are important in any organization. Agreements boost employer-employee relationship in that, they create room for communication and solutions, thus leaving both parties satisfied. Moreover, given that communication is the key to success, this Act encourages the presence of collective agreements, which if well utilized, may lead to success in terms of growth of a company and create a bond between management and the staff. Nevertheless, the government ensures that each employee has a right to an annual leave with full pay and unpaid maternity leave and placement leave incase of an adoption. The issue of fair wages for employees is also addressed. Indeed, when the employee’s needs are met, they become motivated and productive. The Australian government is concerned about the welfare of its citizens, keeping in mind that it is through their hard work that profits are maximized, thus boosting the economic growth of Australia. The Act also clearly states that, in no condition should the employer bend the laws in the Fair Work Act, lest he is held liable. References An Act relating to workplace relations, and for the related purposes. 2009. Fair Work Act.  Web. Burke, R. and Cooper, C., 2008. The long work hours culture: causes, consequences and choices. NY: Emerald Group Publishing. Caisey, K., 2007. Collective Bargaining. Northcote: CCH New Zealand limited. Collective Bargaining. 2009. Fair Work Act. Web. Department of foreign affairs and trade. 2008. Workplace relations in Australia. Web. Fair Work Ombudsman. 2010. Australian government: Web. Fowkes, L. 2011. Rethinking Australia’s employment services. The Whitlam Institute Publisher. Web. Holley, W., et al. 2008. The Labor Relations Process 9th edition. OH: Cengage Learning publisher. Lewis, D. and Sargeant, M., 2004. Essentials of Employment Law. 8th editio n. NY: CIPD publisher. National employment standards. 2009. Fair Work Act: Terms and conditions of employment. Web. This essay on International Business Strategy Case was written and submitted by user Alexis I. to help you with your own studies. 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